![]() ![]() These studies show a high overlap in composition between plasma/serum and SBF, indicating that ISF could function as a proxy for blood sampling. The molecular composition of SBF has been studied using various methods, including proteomics and metabolomics. This simple technique yields rather large fluid volumes (typically 100–200 μl) compared to the current microneedle system, and may therefore be used to determine basic characterization of ISF and its potential use as an alternative to blood. The fluid contained inside the blister can then be collected using a needle and syringe. When a mild negative pressure is applied to a small skin area for 1 to 3 h, the epidermis and dermis separate and fluid-filled blisters are formed. Suction blister fluid (SBF) largely consists of ISF and has been used as a substitute for true ISF. Thus, replacing some blood samples with ISF samples in ill neonates could alleviate blood loss, limit the number of blood transfusions, and potentially reduce the frequency and/or severity of morbidities. For example, phlebotomy blood loss for clinical monitoring of very and extremely low-birth-weight infants is associated with anemia and morbidities. Certain patient groups in particular may benefit from replacing sampling of blood with ISF. Further, because the composition of ISF reflects that of surrounding cells, the status of the tissue on a local scale could be retrieved without the need for biopsies. ISF is a relatively simple matrix compared to blood, allowing more facile isolation and characterization of certain molecular compounds. Several advantages of using ISF over blood (i.e., plasma, serum or whole blood) for biomarker analysis have been proposed. Microneedles have been demonstrated to extract an analytical volume of dermal ISF from humans that is sufficient for determining transcriptomic and proteomic signatures as well as other biomarkers. Approaches using microneedles to extract dermal ISF seem particularly promising. However, recent technical advances allowed the development of a new generation of minimally invasive devices aimed at extracting ISF, and thereby evoked a resurgence of interest in this matrix for health status monitoring. Although ISF constitutes up to 25% of humans’ total body weight, extraction of ISF for biomarker analysis has proved challenging. The biomolecular composition of ISF is consequently influenced by the characteristics of the tissue as well as the plasma. The interstitial space in tissue is filled with interstitial fluid (ISF), which enables cell-to-cell interactions and provides a matrix for the transport of nutrients and metabolic waste between cells and capillaries. Plasma and SBF lipid profiles show high correlation and SBF could be used interchangeably with blood for the analysis of major lipids used in health monitoring. Principal component analysis revealed that the interindividual variation in SBF lipid profiles was considerably larger than the within-subject variation between plasma and SBF. However, SBF had larger fractions of lysophospholipids and diglycerides relative to plasma, and consequently less diacylphospholipids and triglycerides. The molar fraction of lipid species within lipid classes, as well as total fatty acids, showed a generally high correlation between plasma and SBF. The total concentration of lipids in SBF was 17% of the plasma lipid concentration. A fraction of the lipid extract was subjected to alkaline transesterification and fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. One hundred ninety-three lipid species covering 10 complex lipid classes were detected and quantified in both plasma and SBF using multiple reaction monitoring. Total lipids were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma and SBF samples were obtained from 18 healthy human volunteers after an overnight fast. In this study, we characterized the lipidome of human suction blister fluid (SBF) as a surrogate for pure ISF and compared it to that of plasma. However, knowledge about the presence of useful biomarkers for health monitoring in ISF is still limited. Recent technical advances in the extraction of dermal interstitial fluid (ISF) have stimulated interest in using this rather unexploited biofluid as an alternative to blood for detection and prediction of disease. ![]()
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